Visual object detection by artificial cognitive systems is currently a great research challenge, both at the theoretical as well as the technical level. On the one hand, a more fundamental understanding of the mechanisms employed by the human brain for this purpose is desired, and, on the other hand, important technical applications could be realized by successful visual object detection, particularly in the domain of intelligent vehicles. This book describes a number of methods, centered around artificial neural networks, that address important issues in the object detection/identification process. Each method is evaluated in a concrete application context, thus giving insights not only into theoretical aspects of the object detection process but also showing potential applicability in technical systems.